NFKB1 and infection: We have demonstrated that the previously unappreciated ability of P. aeruginosa to survive intracellularly may play an important role in contributing to the chronicity and recurrence of urinary tract and, potentially, other infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Finding novel approaches to eradicating this intracellular population, potentially by targeting host pathways such as NF-κB signaling, could transform our ability to manage chronic and/or recurrent infections such as UTIs.