In support of this dual role for NF-κB signaling, more severe bladder inflammation is seen in mice infected with UPEC that go on to develop chronic cystitis and persistent bacteriuria: the establishment of intracellular bacterial reservoirs is correlated with higher levels of IL-5, IL-6, CSF and the IL-8 homolog KC [64]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is chronic cystitis.