CD274 and neoplasm: While CTLA-4 plays an important role in secondary lymphoid organs during the initial stage of T cell activation, PD-1 regulates activated T cells at a later stage, typically in peripheral tissues where PD-L1 is expressed under certain physiological and pathological conditions by hematopoietic (e.g., dendritic cells in the gut) and nonhematopoietic cells (e.g., tumor cells) [12,13].