VEGFA and malignant hypertension: Secondary TMA syndromes occur in the context of infections, organ transplantation (solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), drugs (cancer chemotherapy, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors, immunosuppressants such as calcineurin inhibitors [CNIs] and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors [mTORis]), malignancies, pregnancy, malignant hypertension, and autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, and vasculitis) (3, 5, 6).