NEDD8 and cancer: Currently, phase I trials for MLN4924 are ongoing in cancers, such as metastatic melanoma (Bhatia et al., 2016), advanced solid tumors (Bhatia et al., 2016), acute myeloid leukemia (Swords et al., 2015), myelodysplastic syndromes (Shah et al., 2016), lymphoma and multiple myeloma (Shah et al., 2016), and these studies have revealed that critical therapeutic effects can be obtained by antagonizing NEDD8-mediated protein degradation (Supplementary Table 1).