TNF and Alzheimer disease: Regarding their role as mediators of inflammation, hAT-MSC-derived exosomes significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin (IL) −4, 5, 13, 17], tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and thymic stromal lymphopoeitin (TSLP) in the murine model of AD in a dose-dependent manner.