In prostate cancer, androgen receptor can also be activated by prostate CAFs-secreted interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), which promotes the expression of stem cell markers in prostate cancer cells to acquire the characteristics of prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) (Liao et al., 2017). Here, CSF1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.