SOD1 and infection: chagasi infection induce in macrophages an increased expression of HO-1 that promotes Leishmania persistence (Pham et al., 2005; Luz et al., 2012). Moreover, in mouse peritoneal and human macrophages lineages, infection by L. amazonensis leads to the increase of SOD1 expression in a PKR/Nrf2-dependent manner (Vivarini et al., 2017).