The specific Fusobacterium adhesin A (FadA) of F. nucleatum can bind to E-cadherin, promoting intracellular annexin A1 expression, forming a FadA/E-cadherin/annexin A1/β-catenin tetramer, thereby activating the β-catenin pathway and promoting CRC cell proliferation 133. Here, CDH1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.