HES1 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, genes in the mature onset diabetes in young people (hsa04950) pathway (such as HES1, GCK, FOXA3, MAFA, HNF4A, HHEX, and PDX1) were increased in stages II to IV; these genes are related to insulin secretion and the maturation of pancreatic β-cells (see Figure 5(c)).