Furthermore, IFNγ polarized macrophages from the decidua basalis tissue in pregnant woman have been shown to be weakly permissive HIV-1 infection through cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1 and by toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 restriction of HIV-1 replication by further inducing IFNγ to maintain an M1 macrophage phenotype (El Costa et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene CDKN1A and HIV-1 infection.