MAPK3 and glioblastoma: Our results showed that glucose and serum starvation induced nutrient stress and significantly increased the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, suggesting that this pathway mediates the increased level of inflammatory factors in 3T3-L1 cells, which is consistent with the results of previous studies performed in various cell types including adipocytes [40], macrophages, and glioblastoma cells [41].