Its beneficial effects on retinopathy were studied in diabetic rats where the intraocular injection of NAP reduced apoptotic cell death via MAPK/ERK pathways (Scuderi et al. 2014), reduced HIF and VEGF levels (D’Amico et al. 2017a), and downregulated IL-1B (D’Amico et al. 2019). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and retinal disorder.