Inhibitors that specifically target NF-κB pathway,28–34 reduced the inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu3 cells (Supplementary Fig. S2b), which is consistent with previous studies on SARS-CoV infection.9,35,36 These results indicated the pathogenic roles of NF-κB activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, NFKB1 is linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome.