Immunoblot analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced the activation of MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway, and enhanced the phosphorylation level of p38, JNK, ERK, IKK, IκBα, and p65, thus leading to the degradation of IκBα in Calu3 cells and Huh7 cells, a human hepatoma cell line permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection (Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. S2a). Here, NFKBIA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.