Mechanistically, TBI induces endothelial dysfunction [14], disrupts the crosstalk between endothelial cells and pericytes [15], reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) and causes tissue hypoxia [16], upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metallopeptidases [17, 18], leukocyte infiltration [19], gliosis and neuroinflammation [5], which all contribute to BBB dysfunctions. Here, VEGFA is linked to endothelial dysfunction.