CEACAM5 and adenoma: Even though the 4-marker model has a less optimized performance on advanced adenoma compared to other CRC stages, the overall sensitivity and specificity are still superior to or comparable with current established methods, e.g. blood-based mSEPT9 (sensitivity 0.171 and specificity 0.945) [26] and CEA (sensitivity 0.08 and specificity 0.700) [27], stool-based FOBT (sensitivity 0.122 and specificity 0.919) [26] and FIT (sensitivity 0.400 and specificity 0.940) [28], as well as a few published non-invasive CRC marker studies to date [29–34].