UBE2D3, PAK2, DDB1, DVL3, PSMC4, hsa-mir-6127, hsa-mir-8063, hsa-mir-329-3p, hsa-mir-410-5p, HCFC1, ZFX (zinc finger protein, X-linked), SPI1, MYBL2 and SUZ12 were the novel biomarkers for the progression of GDM. Here, PAK2 is linked to gestational diabetes.