PTGS2 and cancer: It is known that FXR induces apoptosis by activating signaling pathways such as caspase-3 (Martinez et al., 1998), AP-1 (Brady et al., 1996), and Cyclooxygenase 2 pathways (Oshio et al., 2008), thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells (Vousden and Lane, 2007).