The four main autoantibodies associated with risk of progression to clinical disease are: insulin/proinsulin autoantibodies (IAA/PAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), insulinoma associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) and zinc transporter isoform 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) (1–3). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is pancreatic insulinoma.