Finally, CAFs also produce many growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CXC-chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), thereby promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells into the TME to assist in immune evasion (20, 23). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.