Therefore, different strategies have been used to capture and obtain neutralizing Abs from patients with COVID-19 [16, 46, 177–180], such as combinatorial display libraries, humanized mice, single B cell cloning, memory B cell immortalization, and B cell culture, until the production of recombinant antibody fragments [46, 181–183] in different formats (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is DDX41; the disease is COVID-19.