Our present study demonstrates that CHF induces the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) mainly derived from activated macrophages in SGs (Figs. 1, 2), which is accompanied by increases in N-type Ca2+ currents of CSP neurons (Fig. 3) and cardiac sympathetic overactivation (Fig. 4). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is congestive heart failure.