CD4 and HIV infectious disease: More studies reported the advantages of initiating ART at higher CD4 thresholds and they began to reflect in the 2010 WHO guidelines, where the threshold was raised to 350 cells/mm3, then to 500 cells/mm3 in 2013.55 Recent studies show that starting ART among persons with CD4 above 500 cells/mm3 is beneficial and even reduces the risk of transmission to other persons.57 The latest WHO guidelines, therefore, recommend early initiation of ART, hence treating all patients, irrespective of CD4 count, and as soon as a confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection is made.54