The top three upregulated genes in the CD4+ T cells for the White cohort were AFAP1, a gene shown to have an expression pattern similar to the interferon-alpha in SLE mice20, USP32P1, a ubiquitinase specific of the White population21, and NAP1L3, Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 Like 3, which has been recently listed as one of the 93-SLE gene signature (SLE MetaSignature) that is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with SLE compared with healthy volunteers23. Here, USP32P1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.