DKK3 and chronic kidney disease: In this study, we investigated the associations of Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) plasma levels with cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort, which is a cohort with community-dwelling subjects designed to study cardiovascular risk factors and renal function, as well as both prevalent and new-onset CVD and CKD17.