TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A previous document clarified the critical role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in diabetic complications.4,5 Thus, the current study evaluated the probable improvement impact of G. bronchialis and T. inchonensis (as the heat-killed Actinomycetales species) on an improvement to pancreatic islet cell disorders in T1DM through histopathological, immunological and biochemical studies.