We also wanted to examine whether markers for fibrosis (i.e., collagen I and III and GSK-3β) were upregulated since it has been associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy.51 We observed significant increases in steady-state mRNA transcript abundance for collagen III (Fig. 3b; p < 0.05) and a modest increase in collagen I (Fig. 3a). This evidence concerns the gene GSK3B and cardiac hypertrophy.