The dual-mode of PD-L1 regulation by GSK3α via its cytosolic region and GSK3β via its extracellular region highlights the importance of oncogenic signaling pathways that converge on the EGFR-AKT-GSK3α/β axis in suppressing PD-L1 degradation and therefore promoting cancer escape from anti-tumor immunity45–47. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.