ARIH1 and neoplasm: Notably, ARIH1 mutation found in large cell lung carcinoma (Y392C)35 blocked ARIH1-induced PD-L1 ubiquitination and degradation (Fig. 6a, b), indicating that mutational inactivation of ARIH1 in cancer could lead to accumulation of PD-L1, to promote escape from anti-tumor immunity.