Another study on plasma chemokine concentrations in SLE showed that plasma concentrations and ex vivo mitogen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of CXCL10 and MCP-1 (CCL2) were increased in SLE patients.[31] Other studies have also shown a strong, positive correlation between CXCL10 levels and SLE disease activity and suggested a possible correlation between renal involvement in SLE and CXCL10.[32,33] Although there is evidence that CXCL10 levels are elevated in sera and/or tissues of SLE patients, the exact role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of SLE remains to be elucidated. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and systemic lupus erythematosus.