The CXCL10+ CCL2+ inflammatory macrophages displayed significantly higher expression of CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, CCL3, GBP1, and IDO1 in severe COVID-19, inflamed RA, and CD compared to the FCN1+ macrophages (Fig. 2e). Here, CCL2 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.