We further examined CXCL10+ CCL2+ macrophage-associated genes with CD14+ cells from inflamed (leukocyte-rich) RA, non-inflamed (leukocyte-poor) RA, and OA [13]; we observed significant enrichment of CXCL10+ CCL2+ state-specific genes (CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL3, GBP1, and IDO1), FCN1+ state-specific genes (FCN1, S100A9, CD300E, IFITM3, and CFP), and genes (IRF1, BCL2A1, and STAT1) associated with both states in the macrophages from inflamed RA compared to non-inflamed RA and OA (Additional file 2: Figure S6e). Here, IRF1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.