TNC and glioma: In contrast to previous studies, our study revealed a more comprehensive regulatory role of TNC in glioma, which may derive from the following: First, the capacity of TNC to promote glioma cell malignant activity may reflect its role as an essential regulator of cell adhesion; thus, it may promote glioma cell proliferation but suppress apoptosis by blocking cell adhesion or interacting with other components, such as interleukins, as reported in previous studies (Mirzaei et al. 2018; Xia et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2019; Rupp et al. 2016).