TNF and Sepsis: As a trigger of inflammation and the dysregulated host response in sepsis (Salomao et al., 2012), circulating LPS is known to induce extensive pro-inflammatory cytokine expression including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which contribute to the pathophysiology of endotoxic shock such as tissue injury, capillary leakage, circulatory failure, and multiorgan dysfunction (Van Amersfoort et al., 2003).