As indicated in Fig. 1a showing the experimental design of the acute study, male Thy1-αSyn PD model mice [26] received a single oral gavage dose of DDL-112 at 100 mg/kg, then one hour later were deeply anesthetized to receive 2 ng IL-1β ICV; two hours later, this group (DDL-112) mice were euthanized and brain tissue collected for the isolation of EVs for analysis. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Parkinson disease.