We chose this method of eliciting EV release because of the reported effect of IL-1β to activate nSMase2, polymorphisms in IL-1β are associated with increased risk for PD [38], and neuroinflammation mediated by IL-1β increases suseptability of dopaminergic neurons to degeneration in animal models [39]; thus IL-1β could induce an PD phenotype [40]. Here, SMPD3 is linked to Parkinson disease.