Increased pSTAT3 in human neural progenitor cells treated with IL-1β and TNF-α to mimic brain inflammation showed inhibition of neuronal differentiation and stimulation of astrocyte differentiation, but the opposite effect of inhibition of astrocyte differentiation and stimulation of neuronal differentiation was observed when STAT3 signaling was silenced [50]. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and brain inflammatory disease.