Based on findings acquired in innate experimental colitis models (e.g., a model of anti-CD40-induced colitis), ILC3-derived IL-22 could be demonstrated to even have a pathogenic effect (67), indicating a double-edged role of ILC3-derived IL-22 in IBD (Figure 2) that might depend on the local micromilieu and microbiota. Here, CD40 is linked to colitis.