CSNK1A1 and infectious disease: Furthermore, there is substantial evidence suggesting that CK1 is associated with infectious diseases through the regulation of the host CK1 signaling pathways by intracellular pathogens in two different ways: either by directly subverting host CK1s (e.g. Mycobacteria and various viruses (Cegielska et al., 1994; Bhattacharya et al., 2009; Jayaswal et al., 2010; Sudha et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2017)), or by exporting pathogen CK1 orthologs into the host cell (e.g. Plasmodium and Leishmania (Silverman et al., 2010; Dorin-Semblat et al., 2015)).