AR and prostate carcinoma: E26 transformation-specific (ETS) genes, tumor protein 53 (TP53), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and androgen receptor (AR) are the most frequently altered genes in primary prostate cancer, which leads to dysregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), RAS/RAF, and cell cycle signaling pathways; moreover, alterations in AR and TP53 have been linked to castration resistance (13, 14) and worse outcomes (15).