In detail, GM-CSF neutralization inhibits the secretion of CRS-causing cytokines such as IL-6 and reduces the production of other CRS-mediating pro-inflammatory factors including IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), which act as immune cell trafficking mediators (38, 39). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.