CRS is commonly characterized by elevated levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ (INF-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in a patient’s serum (28, 33). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.