We also identified a novel population of CD3<sup>-</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> cells with high expression of Foxp3 and TNFα, which might modulate the tumor microenvironment and play a proinflammatory role in the TIME.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The TIME of LUSC appears to be immunogenic and heterogenous, with predominant infiltration of activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.