Here we showed now that (human) penile cancer specimen with increasing tumor grades and stages exhibited increased epithelial CAV1 levels, whereas in parallel a reduction of CAV1 in the tumor stroma (especially CAFs) was detected; and a loss of stromal CAV1 is well known to correlate with a more reactive phenotype in advanced carcinomas (25, 39, 40). The gene discussed is CAV1; the disease is neoplasm.