TGFB1 and cranioectodermal dysplasia: CED mice, an osteoblast-specific mutant TGF-β1 transgenic mouse model, displayed calcification degeneration of TMJ cartilage, loss of subchondral bone due to disrupted bone formation with high levels of active TGF-β, and inhibition of TGF-β receptors, which attenuated TMJOA development and restored bone mass.