IRF3 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: Similar genetic studies have also demonstrated stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (25), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) (24), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) (26–28) as critical components of the pathological mechanism, establishing the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway’s role in TREX1 deficiency disease.