TNF and cancer: Inhibition of NF-κB activation, and downregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β proinflammatory cytokines (120, 189).Reduction of NF- κB, and downregulation of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 (151, 191, 192).Suppressing COX-2 expression, and showing a protective effect against inflammation-dependent cancer (190).