Autoreactive CD8+ T cells from insulitic lesions in human T1D pancreatic specimens have been found to react to known islet autoantigens such as insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and islet- specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), pre-proinsulin, GAD65, pre-proislet amyloid protein, and IA-2, providing direct evidence for involvement of these cells in autoimmune beta cell destruction (14). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.