Specifically, in moyamoya disease and other vascular diseases, evidence exists that levels of MMPs and VEGF are elevated in the setting of chronic ischemia and—once successful revascularization occurs and the ischemia is reduced—the ischemic stimulus driving the upregulation of MMP and VEGF is decreased, with a concomitant reduction in the levels of these markers (27, 30, 49, 53–55). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is ischemia.