The mode of action of β-blockers in vitro linked to cancer growth inhibition through impaired production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Watkins et al., 2015), decreased cytokine serum levels (Haldar et al., 2018), and enhanced the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors (Nilsson et al., 2017). Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.