Activated microglia, macrophages, monocytes, and T cells are some of the common cellular immune mediators responsible for disease pathogenesis in BM and AD/AMD, while upregulation of IL-1β and CC chemokine ligand 2 has also been demonstrated in all three diseases (Kaarniranta and Salminen, 2009; Coutinho et al., 2013; Chen and Xu, 2015; Domingues et al., 2017). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.