As stated, neuronal activity on itself may form an alternative stimulus for VEGF upregulation, however, relative hypoperfusion as a result of more pronounced vasoconstriction in pial arteries from epilepsy patients has been described in literature.44,45 Furthermore, blood-oxygen-level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities have been appreciated, indicative of perifocal hypoperfusion.57 The process of hypoperfusion will be explained in depth when discussing microcirculation. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is epilepsy.