On neurons this is shown by an increased outgrowth of neurites and survival.76 In epilepsy the latter is achieved by signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway that protects against excitotoxicity.59,77 Like its effect on neuronal progenitor cells, the VEGFR-2 controls migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Here, KDR is linked to epilepsy.