TNF and gastritis: A study illuminated that among the H. pylori-positive mucosa, 17 out of 29 miRNAs had significant correlations with at least one of the four pro-inflammatory cytokines in expression, which included IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and it also underscored the causal association between miRNAs and pro-inflammatory cytokines might provide insights into the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated gastritis linking to gastric carcinogenesis [55].