Consistent with the results of DSS-induced colitis, the expression of Tgfb1-3 was not elevated in the colon in AOM/DSS-treated mice and ApcMin/+ mice, and anti-TGFβ antibody did not reduce the expression of Il11 in colon tumor tissues in these mice (Supplementary Fig. 7a–f). Here, TGFB1 is linked to infectious otitis media.