Moreover, transcript levels of genes associated with CRC susceptibility loci (e.g., Grem1 and Bmp4) and tumor development and invasion (e.g., Wnt5a, Ereg, Mmp3, Mmp13, Timp1, Saa3, Ptgs2, and Acsl4) were elevated in IL-11+ fibroblasts (Fig. 4d). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and colorectal carcinoma.