Interestingly, the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, best known for its microbial sensing role [36], was one of the top 10 most altered pathways in tumor tissue, with significant downregulation of TLR4 and upregulation of MYD88, IRAK1, and other downstream genes compared to healthy control tissue (Additional file 1: Figure S3). Here, IRAK1 is linked to neoplasm.